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7165 |
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Date: April 01, 2022 at 12:00:02
From: ryan, [DNS_Address]
Subject: Scientists finally finish decoding entire human genome |
URL: https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Scientists-finally-finish-decoding-entire-human-17048869.php |
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Scientists finally finish decoding entire human genome
LAURA UNGAR, AP Science Writer
March 31, 2022
Scientists say they have finally assembled the full genetic blueprint for human life, adding the missing pieces to a puzzle nearly completed two decades ago.
An international team described the first-ever sequencing of a complete human genome – the set of instructions to build and sustain a human being – in research published Thursday in the journal Science. The previous effort, celebrated across the world, was incomplete because DNA sequencing technologies of the day weren't able to read certain parts of it. Even after updates, it was missing about 8% of the genome.
“Some of the genes that make us uniquely human were actually in this ‘dark matter of the genome’ and they were totally missed,” said Evan Eichler, a University of Washington researcher who participated in the current effort and the original Human Genome Project. “It took 20-plus years, but we finally got it done.”
Many — including Eichler's own students — thought it had been finished already. “I was teaching them, and they said, 'Wait a minute. Isn’t this like the sixth time you guys have declared victory? I said, ’No, this time we really, really did it!”
Scientists said this full picture of the genome will give humanity a greater understanding of our evolution and biology while also opening the door to medical discoveries in areas like aging, neurodegenerative conditions, cancer and heart disease.
“We’re just broadening our opportunities to understand human disease,” said Karen Miga, an author of one of the six studies published Thursday.
The research caps off decades of work. The first draft of the human genome was announced in a White House ceremony in 2000 by leaders of two competing entities: an international publicly funded project led by an agency of the U.S. National Institutes of Health and a private company, Maryland-based Celera Genomics.
The human genome is made up of about 3.1 billion DNA subunits, pairs of chemical bases known by the letters A, C, G and T. Genes are strings of these lettered pairs that contain instructions for making proteins, the building blocks of life. Humans have about 30,000 genes, organized in 23 groups called chromosomes that are found in the nucleus of every cell.
Before now, there were "large and persistent gaps that have been in our map, and these gaps fall in pretty important regions,” Miga said.
Miga, a genomics researcher at the University of California-Santa Cruz, worked with Adam Phillippy of the National Human Genome Research Institute to organize the team of scientists to start from scratch with a new genome with the aim of sequencing all of it, including previously missing pieces. The group, named after the sections at the very ends of chromosomes, called telomeres, is known as the Telomere-to-Telomere, or T2T, consortium.
Their work adds new genetic information to the human genome, corrects previous errors and reveals long stretches of DNA known to play important roles in both evolution and disease. A version of the research was published last year before being reviewed by scientific peers.
“This is a major improvement, I would say, of the Human Genome Project,” doubling its impact, said geneticist Ting Wang of the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, who was not involved in the research.
Eichler said some scientists used to think unknown areas contained “junk." Not him. "Some of us always believed there was gold in those hills," he said. Eichler is paid by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which also supports The Associated Press's health and science department.
Turns out that gold includes many important genes, he said, such as ones integral to making a person's brain bigger than a chimp's, with more neurons and connections.
To find such genes, scientists needed new ways to read life's cryptic genetic language.
Reading genes requires cutting the strands of DNA into pieces hundreds to thousands of letters long. Sequencing machines read the letters in each piece and scientists try to put the pieces in the right order. That's especially tough in areas where letters repeat.
Scientists said some areas were illegible before improvements in gene sequencing machines that now allow them to, for example, accurately read a million letters of DNA at a time. That allows scientists to see genes with repeated areas as longer strings instead of snippets that they had to later piece together.
Researchers also had to overcome another challenge: Most cells contain genomes from both mother and father, confusing attempts to assemble the pieces correctly. T2T researchers got around this by using a cell line from one “complete hydatidiform mole," an abnormal fertilized egg containing no fetal tissue that has two copies of the father’s DNA and none of the mother’s.
The next step? Mapping more genomes, including ones that include collections of genes from both parents. This effort did not map one of the 23 chromosomes that is found in males, called the Y chromosome, because the mole contained only an X.
Wang said he’s working with the T2T group on the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium, which is trying to generate “reference," or template, genomes for 350 people representing the breadth of human diversity.
“Now we’ve gotten one genome right and we have to do many, many more,” Eichler said. “This is the beginning of something really fantastic for the field of human genetics.”
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[7166] [7167] [7168] |
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7166 |
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Date: April 05, 2022 at 04:09:28
From: kay.so.or, [DNS_Address]
Subject: Re: Scientists finally finish decoding entire human genome |
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well all they have to do to figure it out is to invite the Et's who designed us, easy peasy!
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[7167] [7168] |
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7167 |
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Date: April 11, 2022 at 10:30:53
From: Rodney Boulderfield, [DNS_Address]
Subject: Re: Scientists finally finish decoding entire human genome |
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Kinda scary they think 350 bodies will cover it. Does
this include all pure human ethnotypes as well as
successfully GMOd by each and every specific
formulation of the many COVID and all other mRNA and
otherwise DNA hacking substances?
Also, how were those ETs you mentioned created and
designed? All you have done is kick the can further
down the Universe, with that.
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[7168] |
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7168 |
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Date: April 11, 2022 at 13:41:02
From: akira, [DNS_Address]
Subject: Re: Scientists finally finish decoding entire human genome |
URL: https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vision_remota/esp_visionremota_48.htm |
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I know some will say this is the wrong board, but gifted remote viewer Joe
McMoneagle talks about remote viewing the 'seeding' of humanity in his
book, the Ultimate Time Machine. I read it a long time ago, but there's a
small excerpt of that in this article. I met McMoneagle at the Monroe
Institute. He's the real deal. Super smart, down to earth and a really nice
guy, no over blown ego.
"The Origins of Humanity
In 1983, McMoneagle worked with Robert A. Monroe, founder of the Monroe
Institute in Faber, Virginia, which provided basic out-of-body orientation for
many of the military remote viewers.
There, he conducted a session seeking to discover the origin of humanity.
As the late great author and researcher Jim Marrs points out in his best
selling book Our Occulted History points out:
During the 129-minute session, he described a shoreline on what appeared
to him to be a primitive Earth. He later estimated a time of about thirty
million to fifty million years after the time of the dinosaurs.
Cavorting on this shoreline was a large family of protohumans-hairy animals
about four feet in height, walking upright and possessing eyes exhibiting a
spark of intelligence despite a somewhat smaller cranial capacity.
Two things surprised McMoneagle in this session. These creatures appeared
to be aware of his psychic presence, and they did not originate at that
location.
McMoneagle described his experience in his 1998 book, The Ultimate Time
Machine:
This particular species of animal is put… specifically in that barrier place…
called the meeting of the land and the sea…
I also get the impression that they're… ah… they were put there. They
mysteriously appeared. They are not descended from an earlier species,
they were put there (by a) seed ship… no, that's not right.
Keep wanting to say ship, but it's not a ship. I keep seeing a… myself… I keep
seeing… oh, hell, for lack of a better word, let's call it a laboratory, where
they are actually inventing these creatures.
They are actually constructing animals from genes.
Why would they be doing that? Can we do this yet… here and now? Like
cutting up genes and then pasting them back together. You know, sort of
like splicing plants… or grafting them, one to another…
Interesting, it's like they are building eggs by injecting stuff into them with a
mixture of DNA or gene parts of pieces.
He described these creatures as delicate-looking aquiline-featured
humanoids, unclothed, in possession of a prehensile tail and large "doe-like"
eyes.
They seemed to be using some sort of light that McMoneagle had a hard
time describing, but eventually described it as a "grow light."
Marrs got the impression that it was like someone tending to a garden, and
planting seeds, but,
"there isn't any concern about the seeds after they are planted…
It's simply like…well… put these seeds here and on to better and bigger
business. No concern about backtracking and checking on the condition of
the seeds.
They can live or die, survive or perish."
The session ended with him moving closer in time and perceiving these
beings growing in size and ability, eventually becoming herding humans.
The surveillance of and interference with humanity is documented in the lore
of almost all civilizations that have roamed the planet.
Although some have called this mere 'interpretation,' it reminds me of
people referring to the confirmation of spiritual and metaphysical realms as
a result of quantum physics.
It is simply labeled as an interpretation due to the fact that it upsets so many
belief systems and long-held preconceived ideas."
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